HSK东西 Scripts Advanced Search Radicals [collapse definitions]
[中國石化] ZhōngguóShíhuà China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, Sinopec

Character Composition

Character Compounds

Word Compounds


        Zhōng/zhōng/zhòng, China/Chinese/surname Zhong, within/among/in/middle/center/while (doing sth)/dur...
        qízhōng, among/in/included among these
        zhōngxīn, center/heart/core/CL:個|个[gè]
        gāozhōng/gāozhòng, senior high school/abbr. for 高級中學|高级中学[gāo jí zhōng xué], to pass brilliantly (u...
        Zhōngguó, [中國], China
        jízhōng, to concentrate/to centralize/to focus/centralized/concentrated/to put together
        zhōngjiān, [中間], between/intermediate/mid/middle
        zhīzhōng, inside/among/in the midst of (doing sth)/during
        dāngzhōng, [當中], among/in the middle/in the center
        zhōngwèi, lieutenant (navy)/first lieutenant (army)/subaltern
        xīnzhōng, central point/in one's thoughts/in one's heart
        zhōngyāng, central/middle/center/central authorities (of a state)
        
        kōngzhōng, in the sky/in the air
        jīzhòng, [擊中], to hit (a target etc)/to strike
        zhōngwǔ, noon/midday/CL:個|个[gè]
        
        zhōngxué, [中學], middle school/CL:個|个[gè]
        yǎnzhōng, in one's eyes
        shìzhōngxīn, city center/downtown
        zhòngdú, to be poisoned/poisoning
        zhōngxiào, middle ranking officer in Chinese army/lieutenant colonel/commander
        xuǎnzhòng, [選中], to choose/to pick/to settle upon/to decide upon a candidate/to be selected for s...
        mìngzhòng, to hit (a target)
        túzhōng, en route
        zhōngduàn, [中斷], to cut short/to break off/to discontinue/to interrupt
        cóngzhōng, [從中], from within/therefrom
        zhòngdàn, [中彈], hit by a bullet/shot
        
        zhōngtú, midway
        
        zhōngzhǐ, to cease/to suspend/to break off/to stop/to discontinue
        zhòngfēng, [中風], to suffer a paralyzing stroke
        zhōngjiānrén, [中間人], intermediary/mediator
        zhōngbù, middle part/central section
        dǎzhòng, to hit (a target)
        gāozhōngshēng, senior high school student
        zhōngzhuǎnzhàn, [中轉站], hub (network equipment)
        zhōngnián, middle age
        Zhōngdōng, [中東], Middle East
        jízhōngyíng, [集中營], concentration camp
        ànzhōng, in the dark/in secret/on the sly/surreptitiously
        zhèngzhōng, middle/center/right in the middle or center/nub
        Zhōngwén, Chinese language
        
        zhōngshìjì, [中世紀], medieval/Middle Ages
        zhōngchǎng, [中場], middle period of a tripartite provincial exam (in former times)/midfield/mid-cou...
        chūzhōng, junior high school/abbr. for 初級中學|初级中学[chū jí zhōng xué]
        
        zhòngjiǎng, [中獎], to win a prize/a successful gamble
        zhōnglì, neutral/neutrality
        zhōngděng, medium
        Zhōngcān, Chinese meal/Chinese food/CL:份[fèn],頓|顿[dùn]
        zhōngjiè, to act as intermediary/to link/intermediate/inter-/agency/agent
        zhōngchǎnjiējí, [中產階級], middle class
        kànzhòng, to have a preference for/to fancy/to choose after consideration/to settle on
        
        
西         zhōngxībù, midwest
        shíwùzhòngdú, food poisoning
        ZhōngYì/zhòngyì, Sino-Italian, to take one's fancy/to be to one's liking
        DìzhōngHǎi, Mediterranean Sea
        zhōngqī, middle (of a period of time)/medium-term (plan, forecast etc)
        zhōngfàn, [中飯], lunch
        Zhōngcūn, Nakamura (Japanese surname)
        
        cāizhòng, to guess correctly/to figure out the right answer
        zhòngshāng, [中傷], to slander/to smear
        zhōngshū, [中樞], center/backbone/hub (e.g. of transport network)/the central administration
        qīzhōng, interim/midterm
        zhōngxuéshēng, [中學生], middle-school student/high school student
        zhōngzhǐ, middle finger
        
        cìzhòng, to hit with a piercing blow
        yìliàozhīzhōng, to come as no surprise/as expected
        
        zhōngjìzhàn, [中繼站], relay station
        piànzhōng, in the movie
        wúzhōngshēngyǒu, [無中生有], to create something from nothing (idiom)
        yǎnzhōngdīng, [眼中釘], a thorn in one's side
怀         
        Zhōngcānguǎn, [中餐館], Chinese restaurant
        zhōngtíqín, viola
        gèzhōng, [個中], therein/in this
        Tiánzhōng, Tienchung town in Changhua county 彰化縣|彰化县[Zhāng huà xiàn], Taiwan/Tanaka (Japane...
        
        
        zhézhōng, to compromise/to take the middle road/a trade-off/eclectic
        zhōngcéng, [中層], middle-ranking
        yìzhōngrén, sweetheart/one's true love/the person of one's thoughts
        zhōngfēng, [中鋒], midfielder/center (basketball)/center forward (hockey, football)
        
        
        zhòngshǔ, sunstroke/heatstroke
        zhòngjì, [中計], to fall into a trap/taken in by a stratagem/cheated/ripped off
        zhòngxié, to be possessed/to be bewitched
        ZhōngMěizhōu, Central America
        Zhōngshì/zhòngshì, Chinese style, to pass an exam (or the imperial exam)/to qualify
        ZhōngYà, [中亞], Central Asia
        xiōngzhōng, one's mind
        mùzhōngwúrén, [目中無人], to consider everyone else beneath one (idiom); so arrogant that no-one else matt...
        
        zhōngxìng, neutral
        zhōngzhuǎn, [中轉], to change (train or plane)/transfer/correspondence
        Zhōngchuān, Nakagawa (Japanese surname and place name)
        zhōngxún, middle third of a month
        
        zhōngjiān, [中堅], core/nucleus/backbone
        zhōngzǐ, neutron
        zhōngxíng, medium sized
        Zhōnghé/zhōnghé, Zhonghe or Chungho city in New Taipei City 新北市[Xīn běi shì], Taiwan, to neutrali...
        chūzhōngshēng, junior high student
        
        bǎifābǎizhòng, [百發百中], lit. one hundred shots, one hundred hits/to carry out a task with great precisio...
        fāzhǎnzhōngguójiā, [發展中國家], developing country
        zhòngcǎi, to win a lottery
        zhōngliúdǐzhù, mainstay/cornerstone/tower of strength
        kōngzhōngxiǎojiě, stewardess/air hostess
        Zhōngwèi, [中衛], Zhongwei prefecture level city in Ningxia
        ròuzhōngcì, a thorn in one's flesh
        
        
        
        zhòngbiāo, [中標], to win a tender/successful bidder
        zhōngjí, [中級], middle level (in a hierarchy)
        mìngzhònglǜ, hit rate/scoring rate
        zhòngzhōngzhīzhòng, of the utmost importance/of highest priority
        xiāngzhòng, to find to one's taste/to pick (after looking at)/Taiwan pr. [xiàng zhòng]
        
        zhōngrén, go-between/mediator/intermediary
        Zhōngyōng/zhōngyōng, the Doctrine of the Mean, one of the Four Books 四書|四书[Sì shū], golden mean (Conf...
        
        Zhōngdǎo, [中島], Nakajima or Nakashima (Japanese surname and place name)
        zhōngwài, Sino-foreign/Chinese-foreign/home and abroad
        Zhōngyī, [中醫], traditional Chinese medical science/a doctor trained in Chinese medicine
        zhōngyóu, the middle stretches of a river/middle level/middle echelon/midstream
        zhōngkōng, hollow/empty interior
        zhōngzǐxīng, neutron star
        měizhōngbùzú, everything is fine except for one small defect (idiom); the fly in the ointment
        zhōngbǎosīnáng, [中飽私囊], to stuff one's pockets/to take bribes
线         zhōngxiàn, [中線], half-way line/median line
        zhòngkěn, pertinent/apropos
        shìzhōng, [適中], moderate/reasonable/conveniently situated
        
        lángzhōng, doctor (Chinese medicine)/ancient official title/companions (respectful)
        rúrìzhōngtiān, lit. like the sun at noon (idiom)/fig. to be at the peak of one's power, career ...
        xīnzhōngyǒushù, [心中有數], to know what's going on
        qièzhòng, to hit the target (esp. in argument)/to strike home
        zhōngnánbù, south central region
        
        zhōngjiàng, [中將], lieutenant general/vice admiral/air marshal
        ZhōngFēi, China-Africa (relations)/Central Africa/Central African Republic
        
        xuězhōngsòngtàn, lit. to send charcoal in snowy weather (idiom)/fig. to provide help in sb's hour...
        wèngzhōngzhībiē, [甕中之鱉], lit. like a turtle in a jar/to be trapped (idiom)
        zhōnghào, [中號], medium-sized
        zhòngxuǎn, [中選], to win an election/to get a position by passing the imperial exam
        
        zhōngjiānshāng, [中間商], middleman/broker
        
        
        Zhōnghuá, [中華], China (alternate formal name)
        ZhōngGǔ/zhōnggǔ, Sino-Cuban/China-Cuba, medieval/Middle Ages/Chinese middle antiquity, 3rd to 9th...
        zhōngjì, [中繼], to relay/to repeat
        
        
        
        rénzhōng, philtrum/infranasal depression/the "human center" acupuncture point
        
        
        nánzhōngyīn, baritone
        zhōnglù, midway/mediocre (quality)/midfield (soccer)
        jūzhōng, positioned between (two parties)/to mediate between
        huàzhōngyǒuhuà, [話中有話], overtones in conversation/things indirectly implied from what is said
        
        
        zhōngtǔ, Sino-Turkish
        
        zhōngyè, [中葉], mid- (e.g. mid-century)/middle period
        Zhōngyuán, Central Plain, the middle and lower regions of the Yellow river, including Henan...
        
        shìzhōngqū, [市中區], central city district
        
        Zhōngguóshì, [中國式], Chinese style/à la chinoise
        Táizhōng, [臺中], Taizhong or Taichung city and county in central Taiwan, Taizhong or Taichung cit...
        tóuzhòng, to hit the target with one's throw/(basketball) to score
        Zhōngyào, [中藥], (traditional) Chinese medicine/CL:服[fù],種|种[zhǒng]
        
        zhōngtīng, [中聽], pleasant to hear (i.e. agreeable news)/to one's liking/music to one's ears/Taiwa...
        
        
        
        
西         
·         
        ZhōnghuáRénmínGònghéguó, [中華人民共和國], People's Republic of China
        zhènzhōng, earthquake epicenter
        
        Zhōngshān, refers to Dr Sun Yat-sen/Zhongshan, prefecture-level city in Guangdong, close to...
        
        nángzhōngxiūsè, [囊中羞澀], to be embarrassingly short of money
        
        zhōngtiān, culmination (astronomy)
        zhōngduàn, middle section/middle period/middle area/mid-
        
        
        zhōngkàn, pleasant to the eye/Taiwan pr. [zhòng kàn]
        
        
        kōngzhōnglóugé, [空中樓閣], pavilion in the air (idiom); unrealistic Utopian construction/castles in Spain/i...
        Zhōngguóhuà, [中國話], (spoken) Chinese language
        
        wàiqiángzhōnggān, [外強中乾], strong in appearance but weak in reality (idiom)
        jízhōngshēngzhì, quick witted in an emergency/able to react resourcefully
        zhōngcǎoyào, [中草藥], Chinese herbal medicine
        zhōngxiǎoxué, [中小學], middle and elementary school
        
        ZhōngGòng, abbr. for 中國共產黨|中国共产党[Zhōng guó Gòng chǎn dǎng], Chinese Communist Party
        zhōngliú, midstream
        
        
        zhōngěr, middle ear
        
        
        
        zhōngjiānpài, [中間派], moderate faction/party of compromise/middle ground
        
        
        
        
        
        zhōnglìguó, [中立國], neutral country
        zhōngjìqì, [中繼器], repeater
        JīnDàzhōng, Kim Dae-jung (1926-2009), South Korea politician, president 1998-2003, Nobel pea...
        
        
        zhōngzǐdàn, [中子彈], neutron bomb
        
        
        
        
        Zhōngfāng, the Chinese side (in an international venture)
        
        zhōngyāngjíquán, [中央集權], centralized state power
        Zhōngqiū, the Mid-autumn festival, the traditional moon-viewing festival on the 15th of th...
        
        
        
        gāojízhōngxué, [高級中學], senior high school/abbr. to 高中[gāo zhōng]
        zhōnglǎonián, middle and old age
        zhōnglǎoniánrén, middle-aged and elderly people
        yuèzhōng, middle of month
        
        zhōngpiānxiǎoshuō, [中篇小說], novella
        Zhōngguórén, [中國人], Chinese person
        
        
        
        zhōngchángpǎo, [中長跑], middle distance race
        
        
        
        
        
        
        wúxíngzhōng, [無形中], imperceptibly/virtually
        
        
        mèngzhōng, [夢中], in a dream
        zhōngdiǎn, [中點], midpoint/half-way point
        rèzhōng, [熱中], variant of 熱衷|热衷[rè zhōng]
        
        zhōngěryán, inflammation of middle ear/otitis media
        zhèngdāngzhōng, [正當中], right in the midpoint/a bull's eye/to hit the nail on the head
        fēngzhōngzhīzhú, [風中之燭], lit. candle in the wind (idiom)/fig. (of sb's life) feeble/hanging on a thread
        
        
        zhōngzhuān, [中專], vocational secondary school/technical secondary school/trade school/abbr. for 中等...
        zhōngtíng, courtyard
        Qióngzhōng, [瓊中], Qiongzhong Li and Miao autonomous county, Hainan
        
        
        
        ZhōnghuáMínguó, [中華民國], Republic of China
        
        
        zhōngfèng, [中縫], vertical space in a newspaper between two attached pages/vertical line on the ba...
        zhōngchéng, medium-range
        zhōngpán, [中盤], middle game (in go or chess)/(share trading) mid-session/(abbr. for 中盤商|中盘商[zhōn...
        
        
        zhōngzhuāng, [中裝], Chinese dress
        
        
        ZhōngguóRénmínJiěfàngjūn, [中國人民解放軍], Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA)
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
殿         
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        Zhōngháng, abbr. for 中國銀行|中国银行[Zhōng guó Yín háng]
        
        
        
        
        TiánzhōngJiǎoróng, [田中角榮], Tanaka Kakuei (1918-1993), Japanese politician, prime minister 1972-1974
        
        
        Chéngzhōngqū, [城中區], city central district/Chengzhong district of Liuzhou city 柳州市[Liǔ zhōu shì], Gua...
        
        
        
        guǎnzhōngkuībào, [管中窺豹], lit. to see a leopard through a narrow tube (idiom); fig. to miss the big pictur...
        
        
        
鹿         
        
        ZhōngyāngWěiyuánhuì, [中央委員會], Central Committee
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
西         
        
        ZhōngyuánQū, [中原區], Zhongyuan District of Zhengzhou City 鄭州市|郑州市[Zhèng zhōu Shì], Henan
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
线         
        
        
        dǎngzhōngyāng, [黨中央], party central committee
        
        Zhōnghuán, [中環], Central, Hong Kong Island
        
        
        Zhōngshānshì, Zhongshan prefecture-level city in Guangdong province 廣東省|广东省[Guǎng dōng shěng] ...
西         ZhōngXī, China and the West/Chinese-Western
        
        
        
        
        
        
        Zhōngqiūjié, [中秋節], the Mid-Autumn Festival on 15th of 8th lunar month
        
        
        
        
        chūjízhōngxué, [初級中學], junior high school/junior middle school
        ZhōngtúDǎo, [中途島], Midway Islands
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        

        Měiguó, [美國], United States/USA/US
        guójiā, [國家], country/nation/state/CL:個|个[gè]
        Yīngguó, [英國], United Kingdom 聯合王國|联合王国[Lián hé wáng guó]/United Kingdom of Great Britain and N...
        Fǎguó, [法國], France/French
        Zhōngguó, [中國], China
        guówáng, [國王], king/CL:個|个[gè]
        Déguó, [德國], Germany/German
        quánguó, [全國], whole nation/nationwide/countrywide/national
        guójì, [國際], international
        Guó/guó, [國], surname Guo, country/nation/state/national/CL:個|个[gè]
        Éguó, [俄國], Russia
        Hánguó, [韓國], South Korea (Republic of Korea)/Han, one of the Seven Hero States of the Warring...
        dìguó, [帝國], empire/imperial
        Guóhuì, [國會], Parliament (UK)/Congress (US)/Diet (Japan)/Legislative Yuan (Taiwan)
        guótǔ, [國土], country's territory/national land
        wángguó, [王國], kingdom/realm
        wàiguó, [外國], foreign (country)/CL:個|个[gè]
        guónèi, [國內], domestic/internal (to a country)/civil
        Liánhéguó, [聯合國], United Nations
        zǔguó, [祖國], motherland
        guówài, [國外], abroad/external (affairs)/overseas/foreign
        Guófángbù, [國防部], Defense Department/Ministry of National Defense
        Tàiguó, [泰國], Thailand/Thai
        guómín, [國民], nationals/citizens/people of a nation
        gònghéguó, [共和國], republic
        guódù, [國度], country/nation
        chūguó, [出國], to go abroad/to leave the country/emigration
        wǒguó, [我國], our country/China
        
        wàiguórén, [外國人], foreigner
        pànguó, [叛國], treason
        àiguó, [愛國], to love one's country/patriotic
        guóqí, [國旗], flag (of a country)/CL:面[miàn]
        Àiguózhě/àiguózhě, [愛國者], MIM-104 Patriot surface-to-air missile, patriot
        guófáng, [國防], national defense
        hézhòngguó, [合眾國], federated nation/the United States
        Guówùyuàn, [國務院], State Council (PRC)/State Department (USA)
        
        
        tiānguó, [天國], Kingdom of Heaven
        pànguózuì, [叛國罪], the crime of treason
        huíguó, [回國], to return to one's home country
        Měiguórén, [美國人], American/American person/American people/CL:個|个[gè]
        guóbiāowǔ, [國標舞], international standard ballroom dancing
        guówùqīng, [國務卿], Secretary of State
        guógē, [國歌], national anthem
        guófángbùzhǎng, [國防部長], Defense secretary/Defense Minister
        gèguó, [各國], each country/every country/various countries
        yìguó, [異國], exotic/foreign
        běnguó, [本國], one's own country
        quánguóxìng, [全國性], national
        guójiè, [國界], national boundary/border between countries
        guójí, [國籍], nationality
        guólì, [國立], national/state-run/public
        Guóqìng, [國慶], National Day
        guójìxiàngqí, [國際象棋], chess/CL:副[fù]
        guìguó, [貴國], your distinguished country
        guóxǐ, [國璽], seal of state
        
        LuómǎDìguó, [羅馬帝國], Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AD)
        Guóqìngjié, [國慶節], PRC National Day (October 1st)
        dìguózhǔyì, [帝國主義], imperialism
        kuàguó, [跨國], transnational/multinational
        guókù, [國庫], public purse/state treasury/national exchequer
        guójìng, [國境], national border/frontier
        
        
        Mínguó, [民國], Republic of China (1912-1949)/used in Taiwan as the name of the calendar era (e....
        àiguózhǔyì, [愛國主義], patriotism
        méngguó, [盟國], allies/united countries
        
        
        guóbǎo, [國寶], national treasure
        kuàguógōngsī, [跨國公司], transnational corporation/multinational corporation
        Yīngguórén, [英國人], British person/British people
        guójìxìng, [國際性], international/internationalism
        guójiājí, [國家級], (administrative) national-level
        guórén, [國人], compatriots (literary)/fellow countrymen
        jiànguó, [建國], to found a country/nation-building/the foundation of PRC by Mao Zedong in 1949
        guóyǒu, [國有], nationalized/public/government owned/state-owned
        díguó, [敵國], enemy country
        fāzhǎnzhōngguójiā, [發展中國家], developing country
        dàguó, [大國], a power (i.e. a dominant country)
        
        dǎoguó, [島國], island nation (sometimes refers specifically to Japan)
        guóbiāo, [國標], Guo Biao or GB, the standard PRC encoding, abbr. for 國家標準碼|国家标准码
        màiguózéi, [賣國賊], traitor
        guójiāduì, [國家隊], the national team
        Qiángguó/qiángguó, [強國], (ironically) mainland China (Taiwan & Hong Kong usage), powerful country/great p...
        kāiguó, [開國], to found a state/to open a closed country
        guótàimínān, [國泰民安], the country prospers, the people at peace (idiom); peace and prosperity
        guóbīn, [國賓], state visitor/visiting head of state
        guófù, [國父], father or founder of a nation/Father of the Republic (Sun Yat-sen)
        chāojídàguó, [超級大國], superpower
        Guójiāānquánbù, [國家安全部], PRC Ministry of State Security
        DuōmǐníjiāGònghéguó, [多米尼加共和國], Dominican Republic
        línguó, [鄰國], bordering country/neighbor country/neighboring countries/surrounding countries
        
        guóchǎn, [國產], domestically produced
        
        guójìfǎ, [國際法], international law
        guójìhuà, [國際化], to internationalize/internationalization
        tóngméngguó, [同盟國], allied nation/ally/confederation
        guódào, [國道], national highway
        
        
        
        
        tāguó, [他國], another country
        
        Fēiguódà, [非國大], African National Congress, ANC/abbr. for 非洲人國民大會|非洲人国民大会[Fēi zhōu rén guó mín dà...
        yìguótāxiāng, [異國他鄉], foreign lands and places (idiom); living as expatriate
        guīguó, [歸國], to go home (to one's native country)/to return from abroad
        lìguó, [立國], to found a country
        
        fādáguójiā, [發達國家], developed nation
        Déguórén, [德國人], German person or people
        jǔguóshàngxià, [舉國上下], the entire nation/the whole country, from the leadership to the rank and file
        Fǎguórén, [法國人], Frenchman/French person
        
        guóshì, [國事], affairs of the nation/politics
        guójūn, [國君], monarch
        guóyàn, [國宴], state banquet
        Zhànguó, [戰國], the Warring States period (475-221 BC)
        
        
        
        màiguó, [賣國], to betray one's country
        
线         
        guóqíng, [國情], the characteristics and circumstances particular to a country/current state of a...
        guójiào, [國教], state religion
        Lǐxiǎngguó/lǐxiǎngguó, [理想國], Plato's "The Republic" (c. 380 BC), ideal state/utopia
        guónèiwài, [國內外], domestic and international/at home and abroad
        Wūsūnguó, [烏孫國], Wusun kingdom of central Asia (c. 300 BC-300 AD)
        zhìguó, [治國], to rule a country
        Zhōngguóshì, [中國式], Chinese style/à la chinoise
        
        
        guówù, [國務], affairs of state
        guójìjí, [國際級], (at an) international level
        gōngguó, [公國], duchy/dukedom/principality
        bǎojiāwèiguó, [保家衛國], guard home, defend the country (idiom); national defense
        
        lièguó, [列國], various countries
        JiékèGònghéguó, [捷克共和國], Czech Republic
        ÀiěrlánGònghéguó, [愛爾蘭共和國], Republic of Ireland
        ZhōnghuáRénmínGònghéguó, [中華人民共和國], People's Republic of China
        chéngyuánguó, [成員國], member country
        
        guólì, [國力], a nation's power
        guófǎ, [國法], national law
        Zhóuxīnguó, [軸心國], Axis powers (World War II)
        Mèngjiālāguó, [孟加拉國], Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)
        GuójìHuòbìJījīnZǔzhī, [國際貨幣基金組織], International Monetary Fund (IMF)
        
        
        gùguó, [故國], country with an ancient history
        Liánhéwángguó, [聯合王國], United Kingdom
        
西         
        
        Zhōngguóhuà, [中國話], (spoken) Chinese language
        
        bàoguó, [報國], to dedicate oneself to the service of one's country
        Guóyǔ, [國語], Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature/Chinese as a primar...
        guózéi, [國賊], traitor to the nation
        
        
        běiguó, [北國], the northern part of the country/the North
        Guómíndǎng, [國民黨], Guomindang or Kuomintang (KMT)/Nationalist Party
        Guótài, [國泰], Cathay Pacific (Hong Kong airline)
        wángguó, [亡國], (of a nation) to be destroyed/subjugation/vanquished nation
        
        
        
        
        
        qióngguó, [窮國], poor country
        guóshì, [國勢], national strength/situation in a state
        
        
        GuóLián, [國聯], abbr. for 國際聯盟|国际联盟[Guó jì Lián méng], League of Nations (1920-1946), based in G...
        guóyùn, [國運], fate of the nation
        
        
        zìyóuwángguó, [自由王國], realm of freedom (philosophy)
        zhōnglìguó, [中立國], neutral country
        guóshū, [國書], credentials (of a diplomat)/documents exchanged between nations/national or dyna...
        guózhài, [國債], national debt/government debt
        
        
        
        
        huìyuánguó, [會員國], member nation
        Hánguórén, [韓國人], Korean (person)
        shǔguó, [屬國], vassal state
        huángqīnguóqī, [皇親國戚], the emperor relatives (idiom); person with powerful connections
        jūnguózhǔyì, [軍國主義], militarism
        
        
        
        Zhōngguórén, [中國人], Chinese person
        
        guóyíng, [國營], state-run (company etc)/nationalized
        guózàng, [國葬], state funeral
        
        
        wànguó, [萬國], all nations
        
        
        Guójìgē, [國際歌], The Internationale
        guóqǐ, [國企], state enterprise/(Tw) abbr. for 國際企業管理|国际企业管理, international business management...
        guómíng, [國名], name of country
        GuóDà, [國大], abbr. for 國民大會|国民大会, National Assembly of the Republic of China (extant during v...
        
        
        
        Sānguó, [三國], Three Kingdoms period (220-280) in Chinese history/several Three Kingdoms period...
        
        bǎohùguó, [保護國], protectorate
        
        wàiguóyǔ, [外國語], foreign language
        
        
        
        
        yīguóliǎngzhì, [一國兩制], one country, two systems (PRC proposal regarding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan)
        BāguóLiánjūn, [八國聯軍], Eight-Nation Alliance, involved in a military intervention in northern China in ...
        
        
        ZhōnghuáMínguó, [中華民國], Republic of China
        
        ZhōngguóRénmínJiěfàngjūn, [中國人民解放軍], Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA)
        sàngquánrǔguó, [喪權辱國], to forfeit sovereignty and humiliate the country (idiom)/to surrender territory ...
        
        Ānguó, [安國], Anguo county level city in Baoding 保定[Bǎo dìng], Hebei
        fānguó, [藩國], feudatory/vassal state
        xiéyuēguó, [協約國], Allies/entente (i.e. Western powers allied to China in WW)
        
        
        
        
        
        guóbīnguǎn, [國賓館], state guesthouse
        
        
        guóyǒuhuà, [國有化], nationalization
        guójìzhǔyì, [國際主義], internationalism
        
        Mǎnzhōuguó, [滿洲國], Manchukuo
        fǎnguó, [返國], to return to one's country
        
        
        
        MěiguóZhīYīn, [美國之音], Voice of America (VOA)
        
        
        
        
        
访         guóshìfǎngwèn, [國事訪問], state visit
        SānguóYǎnyì, [三國演義], Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong 羅貫中|罗贯中[Luó Guàn zhōng], one of t...
        
        
        guócè, [國策], a national policy
        
        
        guóhuò, [國貨], domestically produced goods
        guósètiānxiāng, [國色天香], national grace, divine fragrance (idiom); an outstanding beauty
        
        
        
        
        ÀosīmànDìguó, [奧斯曼帝國], the Ottoman Empire
        
        
        
        
        
        bìguānsuǒguó, [閉關鎖國], to close the passes and seal off the country/to close a country to exclude forei...
        GāngguǒMínzhǔGònghéguó, [剛果民主共和國], Democratic Republic of Congo
        
        
        
        
        guóhào, [國號], official name of a nation (includes dynastic names of China: 漢|汉[Hàn], 唐[Táng] e...
        
        
        
        guóxué, [國學], Chinese national culture/studies of ancient Chinese civilization/the Imperial Co...
        
        
        guóshù, [國術], martial arts
        
        
        
        
        
        guócuì, [國粹], national essence/quintessence of national culture
        guómínjīngjì, [國民經濟], national economy
        fùguó, [富國], rich country/make the country wealthy (political slogan)
        
        
        
线         guójièxiàn, [國界線], border between countries/line forming the border
        
        xùnguó, [殉國], to die for one's country
        
        
        guókùquàn, [國庫券], treasury bond

        shítou, [石頭], stone/CL:塊|块[kuài]
        zuànshí, [鑽石], diamond/CL:顆|颗[kē]
        Shí/dàn/shí, surname Shi, dry measure for grain equal to ten dou 斗/ten pecks/one hundred lite...
        shíyóu, oil/petroleum
        yánshí, rock
        bǎoshí, [寶石], precious stone/gem/CL:枚[méi],顆|颗[kē]
        yǔnshí, [隕石], meteorite/aerolite/CL:塊|块[kuài],顆|颗[kē]
        dàlǐshí, marble
        shígāo, gypsum CàSO·2(HO)/plaster/plaster cast (for a broken bone)
        shuǐluòshíchū, as the water recedes, the rocks appear (idiom)/the truth comes to light
        hóngbǎoshí, [紅寶石], ruby
        Shímián/shímián, Shimian County in Ya'an 雅安[Yǎ ān], Sichuan, asbestos
        shíkuài, [石塊], stone/rock
        tiěshíxīncháng, [鐵石心腸], to have a heart of stone/hard-hearted/unfeeling
        shíbǎn, slab/flagstone/slate
        bànjiǎoshí, [絆腳石], stumbling block/obstacle/someone who gets in your way
        kuàngshí, [礦石], ore
        jiāoshí, reef
        jīshí, cornerstone
        huàshí, fossil
        shíguān, sarcophagus
        shíqì, stone tool/stone implement
        suìshí, crushed or broken rock, stone etc
        shíbēi, stele/stone tablet (for inscription)/CL:方[fāng]
        
        jùshí, huge rock/boulder/monolith
        shíliu, pomegranate
        luòjǐngxiàshí, to throw stones at sb who fell down a well (idiom); to hit a person who is down
        lánbǎoshí, [藍寶石], sapphire
        shíhuà, to petrify/petrochemical industry
        huǒshí, flint (stone)
        
        cǎishíchǎng, [採石場], stone pit/quarry
        císhí, magnet
        
        
        
        shíhuī, lime (calcium oxide)
        dǎhuǒshí, flint
        
        éluǎnshí, [鵝卵石], pebble/cobblestone
        diǎnshíchéngjīn, [點石成金], to touch base matter and turn it to gold (idiom); fig. to turn crude writing int...
        yùshí, precious stones/jade and stone
        níshíliú, landslide/torrent of mud and stones/mudslide
        shènjiéshí, [腎結石], kidney stone
        diànjiǎoshí, [墊腳石], stepping stone/fig. person used to advance one's career
        
        
        shíxiàng, stone statue
        shíyīng, quartz
        Pánshí/pánshí, Panshi county level city in Jilin prefecture 吉林, Jilin province, boulder
        
        suìshí, flint
        shíhuīshí, limestone
        lìshí, [礫石], gravel/pebbles
        
        
        
        
        
        yǔnshíkēng, [隕石坑], meteorite impact crater
        shíjiàng, stonemason
绿         lǜbǎoshí, [綠寶石], beryl
        luǎnshí, cobble/pebble
        shāshí, sandstone/sand and stone/aggregate
        xītiěshí, [吸鐵石], a magnet/same as 磁鐵|磁铁
        
        Shítián, Ishida (Japanese surname and place name)
        Shíchéng, Shicheng county in Ganzhou 贛州|赣州, Jiangxi
        ShíGǎng, [石崗], Shek Kong (area in Hong Kong)
        shímò, black lead/graphite/plumbago
        
        
        Huángshí, [黃石], Huangshi prefecture-level city in Hubei
        
        
        
        jùshízhèn, [巨石陣], giant stone arrangement/Stonehenge
        shílà, [石蠟], paraffin wax
        hǎikūshílàn, [海枯石爛], lit. when the seas run dry and the stones go soft (idiom)/fig. forever/until the...
        
        
        Shíchuān, Ishikawa (Japanese surname and place name)
        
        diànjīshí, a foundation stone/a cornerstone
        
        
        guīshí, siliceous rock
        
        
        shíruǐ, reindeer moss/litmus (chemistry)
        jīngāngshí, [金剛石], diamond/also called 鑽石|钻石[zuàn shí]
        Xīnshíqì, Neolithic
        
        huāgāngshí, [花崗石], granite
        
        shíjiē, [石階], stone step
        
        dǎnjiéshí, [膽結石], gallstone
        
        
        
        tóushíwènlù, [投石問路], lit. to toss a stone to find out what's ahead (idiom)/fig. to test the waters
        jīnshí, metal and stone/fig. hard objects/inscription on metal or bronze
        shídiāo, stone carving/carved sculpture
        módāoshí, whetstone (for honing knives)
        JiǎngJièshí, [蔣介石], Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975), military leader, head of the Nationalist government...
        
        shísōng, [石鬆], Lycopodiopsida (club mosses)
        Shízhù/shízhù, Shizhu Tujia autonomous county, Chongqing, stela/upright stone/obelisk
        shígōng, stonemasonry/stonemason
        
        
绿         lǜsōngshí, [綠松石], turquoise (gemstone)
        
        luànshí, [亂石], rocks/stones/rubble/riprap
        
        
        chángshí, [長石], stone beam/horizontal slab of stone/feldspar or felspar (geology)
        
        jiéshí, [結石], calculus/stone
        huáshí, talc
        dànbáishí, opal
        
        shízhú, China pink/Dianthus chinensis (botany)
        shíhuīyán, limestone
        
        shāshí, sand and stones
        xiāoshí, niter/saltpeter/potassium nitrate KNǑ
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        shìjīnshí, [試金石], touchstone/fig. test that sth is genuine
        
        pánshí, [盤石], variant of 磐石[pán shí]
        
        
        shíbānyú, [石斑魚], grouper (Portuguese: garoupa)/also called 鮨/Epinephelinae (subfamily of Serranid...
        huóhuàshí, living fossil
        
        shuǐmóshí, terrazzo
        shēngshíhuī, calcium oxide CaO/quicklime
        shíkū, rock cave/grotto/cliff caves (often with Buddhist statues)
        
        
        fúshí, pumice
        
        
        
        shípòtiānjīng, [石破天驚], earth-shattering/breakthrough/remarkable and original work
        
        
        yíngshí, [螢石], fluorite CáF/fluorspar/fluor
        tǔshíliú, (Tw) debris flow/mudslide
        shéwénshí, [蛇紋石], serpentine (geology)
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        zhōngrǔshí, [鐘乳石], stalactite
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        Shítànjì, [石炭紀], Carboniferous (geological period 354-292m years ago)
        
        shúshígāo, plaster of Paris/calcined gypsum
        
        
        báiyúnshí, [白雲石], dolomite
穿         dīshuǐchuānshí, dripping water penetrates the stone (idiom); constant perseverance yields succes...
        
        
        
        
        shízhì, [石質], stony
        
        tiěkuàngshí, [鐵礦石], iron ore
        
        
        línhuīshí, apatite/phosphatic limestone
        
        zhěshí, ocher (pigment)
        
        
        
        huīshí, [輝石], pyroxene (family of rock-forming minerals)/augite
耀         
        
        
        shítànsuān, phenol C6HOH/same as 苯酚
        
        shísǔn, [石筍], stalagmite
        Shíquán, Shiquan County in Ankang 安康[Ān kāng], Shaanxi
        
        
        shíkè, stone inscription/carved stone
        
        
        
        shínǚ, female suffering absence or atresia of vagina (as birth defect)
        Shíjǐng, Ishii (Japanese surname)
        Shímén, [石門], Shimen or Shihmen township in New Taipei City 新北市[Xīn běi shì], Taiwan
        
        shísuàn, red spider lily (Lycoris radiata)
西         
        
        shíchéndàhǎi, lit. to throw a stone and see it sink without trace in the sea (idiom)/fig. to e...
        

        biànhuà, [變化], change/variation/to change/to vary/CL:個|个[gè]
        huā/huà, variant of 花[huā], to make into/to change into/-ization/to ... -ize/to transform...
        wénhuà, culture/civilization/cultural/CL:個|个[gè],種|种[zhǒng]
        huàxué, [化學], chemistry/chemical
        huàzhuāng, [化妝], to put on makeup
        èhuà, [惡化], to worsen
        jìnhuà, [進化], evolution/CL:個|个[gè]
        huàzhuāngpǐn, [化妝品], cosmetic/makeup product
        rónghuà, to melt/to thaw/to dissolve/to blend into/to combine/to fuse
        shēnghuà, biochemistry
        huàyàn, [化驗], chemical examination/to do a lab test
        huàliáo, [化療], chemotherapy
        xiāohuà, to digest/digestion/digestive
        jìnghuà, [淨化], to purify
        qíngxùhuà, [情緒化], emotional/sentimental
        huàshēn, incarnation/reincarnation/embodiment (of abstract idea)/personification
        huàhéwù, chemical compound
        huàmíng, to use an alias/assumed name/pseudonym
        huǒhuà, to cremate/to incinerate
        huàzhuāng, [化裝], (of actors) to make up/to disguise oneself
        yìnghuà, to harden/hardening/sclerosis/fig. to become rigid or inflexible in opinions/to ...
        yǎnghuà, to oxidize
        èryǎnghuàtàn, carbon dioxide CÓ
        zhuǎnhuà, [轉化], to change/to transform/isomerization (chemistry)
        guāngtiānhuàrì, the full light of day (idiom)/fig. peace and prosperity/in broad daylight
        huàxuéfǎnyìng, [化學反應], chemical reaction
退         tuìhuà, to degenerate/atrophy
        qiánghuà, [強化], to strengthen/to intensify
        cuīhuàjì, [催化劑], catalyst
        
        rónghuà, to melt (of ice, metals etc)
        yīyǎnghuàtàn, carbon monoxide CO
        fūhuà, breeding/to incubate/innovation (esp. in commerce and marketing)
        
        héfǎhuà, to legalize/to make legal/legalization
        huàxuépǐn, [化學品], chemicals
        lǎohuà, to age (of person or object)/becoming old
        měihuà, to make more beautiful/to decorate/embellishment
        huàjiě, to dissolve/to resolve (contradictions)/to dispel (doubts)/to iron out (difficul...
        jiǎnhuà, [簡化], to simplify
        
        báirèhuà, [白熱化], to turn white-hot/to intensify/to reach a climax
        huàshí, fossil
        
        huàxuéjiā, [化學家], chemist
        tónghuà, assimilation (cultural, digestive, phonemic etc)
        xiàndàihuà, [現代化], modernization/CL:個|个[gè]
        huàxuéwǔqì, [化學武器], chemical weapon
        fǔhuà, to rot/to decay/to become corrupt
        duōyànghuà, [多樣化], diversification/to diversify
        rónghuà, to melt/to dissolve (of sugar etc)
        ruǎnhuà, [軟化], to soften
        chūshǐhuà, (computing) to initialize/initialization
        jīxièhuà, [機械化], to mechanize
        shāngyèhuà, [商業化], to commercialize
        fēnhuà, to split apart/differentiation
        nǚxìnghuà, to feminize/feminization
        shíhuà, to petrify/petrochemical industry
        jiǎndānhuà, [簡單化], simplification/to simplify
        qīngyǎnghuànà, [氫氧化鈉], caustic soda/sodium hydroxide NaOH
        huàgōngchǎng, [化工廠], chemical factory
        
        gǎnhuà, corrective influence/to reform (a criminal)/redemption (of a sinner)/to influenc...
        quánqiúhuà, globalization
        jìnhuàlùn, [進化論], Darwin's theory of evolution
        
        huàgōng, chemical industry, abbr. of 化學工業|化学工业[huà xué gōng yè]/chemical engineering, abb...
        huàzuò, to change into/to turn into/to become
        shùzìhuà, [數字化], to digitalize/digital
        
        nánxìnghuà, to masculinize/masculinization
        yèhuà, to liquefy
        
        
        qìhuàqì, carburetor/vaporizer
        duōyuánhuà, diversification/pluralism/to diversify
        huàwéiwūyǒu, [化為烏有], to go up in smoke/to vanish
        
        huàfènchí, [化糞池], septic tank
        kāihuà, [開化], to become civilized/to be open-minded/(of ice) to thaw
        lǐxiǎnghuà, to idealize
        yōuhuà, [優化], optimization/to optimize/to make superior
        
        huàxiǎnwéiyí, [化險為夷], to turn peril into safety (idiom); to avert disaster
        zàohuà, good luck/Nature (as the mother of all things)
        hélǐhuà, to rationalize/to make compatible/to streamline/rationalization
        yǎnhuà, to evolve/evolution
        fēnghuà, [風化], decency/public morals/to weather (rocks)/wind erosion
        
        xiāohuàxìtǒng, [消化系統], digestive system/gastrointestinal tract
        biāozhǔnhuà, [標準化], standardization
        fùzáhuà, [複雜化], to complicate/to become complicated
        lǜhuàjiǎ, [氯化鉀], potassium chloride
        zìdònghuà, [自動化], automation
        huàzhuāngshì, [化妝室], dressing room/powder room/(Tw) toilets
        géshìhuà, to format
        fénhuà, to cremate
        gānyìnghuà, cirrhosis
        
        báihuàbìng, albinism
        huàféi, fertilizer
        dànhuà, to water down/to play down/to trivialize/to weaken/to become dull with time/to d...
        zuìdàhuà, to maximize
        xiāohuàdào, digestive tract
        chūshénrùhuà, to reach perfection (idiom); a superb artistic achievement
        
        dàzhònghuà, [大眾化], mass-oriented/to cater for the masses/popularized
        sīyǒuhuà, privatization/to privatize
        yǎnghuàjì, [氧化劑], oxidant/oxidizing agent
        lǜhuàwù, chloride
        xùnhuà, [馴化], to tame/to domesticate
        guójìhuà, [國際化], to internationalize/internationalization
        liànghuà, to quantize/quantization/quantitative
        huàyóuqì, carburetor
        
        chǒuhuà, [醜化], to defame/to libel/to defile/to smear/to vilify
        gèxìnghuà, [個性化], to personalize/to customize/customization
        wùhuà, to objectify/(literary) to die
        shuǐhuà, to hydrate
        
        lǜhuànà, [氯化鈉], sodium chloride NaCl/common salt
        shénhuà, to make divine/apotheosis
        huàxuéyuánsù, [化學元素], chemical element
        huàxuéxì, [化學系], department of chemistry
        fūhuàqì, incubator/apparatus for incubating eggs
        cuīhuà, catalysis/to catalyze (a reaction)
        gōngkāihuà, [公開化], to publicize/openness (of government, PRC equivalent of "glasnost")
        yǒujīhuàxué, [有機化學], organic chemistry
        zhèngzhìhuà, to politicize
        ruòhuà, weaken/make weaker
        jiānghuà, to become rigid
        
        gùhuà, to solidify/solidification (chemistry)
绿         lǜhuà, [綠化], to make green with plants/to reforest/(Internet slang) Islamization
        qìhuà, to boil/to vaporize
        kuòdàhuà, [擴大化], to extend the scope/to exaggerate
        qiányímòhuà, [潛移默化], imperceptible influence/to influence secretly
        liúhuàqīng, [硫化氫], hydrogen sulfide HS/sulfureted hydrogen
        huànóng, [化膿], to fester/to suppurate/to be infected
        qiānbiànwànhuà, [千變萬化], countless changes/constant permutation
        yàwénhuà, [亞文化], subculture
        dòngmàiyìnghuà, [動脈硬化], hardening of the arteries/arteriosclerosis
        huàxuéjiàn, [化學鍵], chemical bond
        cíhuà, to magnetize
        yǎnghuàlǚ, [氧化鋁], aluminum oxide
        gǎnhuàyuàn, reformatory/reform school
        
        jūnshìhuà, [軍事化], militarization
        
        féngxiōnghuàjí, misfortune turns to blessing (idiom); to turn an inauspicious start to good acco...
        gōngyèhuà, [工業化], to industrialize/industrialization
        
        
        
        
        liúhuà, vulcanization (curing rubber using sulfur and heat)
        biànhuàduōduān, [變化多端], changeable/changing/varied/full of changes
        gàihuà, [鈣化], to calcify/calcification
        èryǎnghuàguī, silicon dioxide (SiÓ)
        èryǎnghuàliú, sulfur dioxide SÓ
        guòyǎnghuàqīng, [過氧化氫], hydrogen peroxide HÓ
        
        gānghuàbōli, [鋼化玻璃], reinforced glass
        biānyuánhuà, [邊緣化], to marginalize/marginalization
        
        
        yītǐhuà, [一體化], integration/incorporation/unification
        
        huàhé, chemical combination
        zhíyèhuà, [職業化], professionalization
        jùtǐhuà, [具體化], to concretize
        
        shēnhuà, to deepen/to intensify
        huànhuà, to be transformed/to metamorphose/transformation/metamorphosis
        biànhuàmòcè, [變化莫測], unpredictable/changeable
        zhuānyèhuà, [專業化], specialization
        shèhuìhuà, [社會化], socialization/to socialize/to fit into society/to train sb for society
        qìhuà, [氣化], to vaporize/evaporation/carburetion/氣|气[qì] transformation in TCM (i.e. transfor...
        diǎnhuàjiǎ, [碘化鉀], potassium iodide
        yǎnghuàwù, oxide
        
        
        rǔhuà, to emulsify
        gǔhuà, to ossify/ossification
        shígǔbùhuà, to swallow ancient learning without digesting it (idiom)/to be pedantic without ...
        niánqīnghuà, [年輕化], to make more youthful/to promote younger staff
        
        diànqìhuà, [電氣化], electrification
        zhìdùhuà, systematization
        
        jíhuà, [極化], polarization
        diànhuàxué, [電化學], electrochemistry
        fūhuàchǎng, [孵化場], incubator/hatchery (for poultry etc)
        lǎolínghuà, [老齡化], aging (population)
        dúhuà, to poison/to infect
        
        WénhuàDàgémìng, Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
        jiàohuāzi, variant of 叫花子[jiào huā zi]
        xìhuà, [細化], to give a more granular level of detail/to elaborate/to refine/to become more di...
        
        guīfànhuà, [規範化], to standardize/standardization
        huàzhěngwéilíng, [化整為零], to break up the whole into pieces (idiom); dealing with things one by one/divide...
        
        
        
        huàxiān, [化纖], synthetic fiber
西         
        
        mínzhǔhuà, to convert to democracy/democratic transformation
        
        huàxuézhàn, [化學戰], chemical warfare
        
        
        
        
        
        yīyuánhuà, integration/integrated/unified
        huàxuénéng, [化學能], chemical energy
        gōngshìhuà, to formalize/formalism in art (esp. as proscribed in USSR and PRC)
        
        
        lǜhuàqīng, [氯化氫], hydrogen chloride HCl
        
        guòyǎnghuàwù, [過氧化物], peroxide
        
        
        
        tànhuàwù, carbide
        huóhuàshí, living fossil
        
        běntǔhuà, to localize/localization
        qínghuàjiǎ, [氰化鉀], potassium cyanide KCN
        qínghuànà, [氰化鈉], sodium cyanide NaCN
        gàiniànhuà, conceptualization
        réngéhuà, to personalize/anthropomorphism
        xiāohuàméi, digestive enzyme
        yìhuà, [異化], alienation (philosophy)/(of speech) dissimilation
        
        
        shìchǎnghuà, [市場化], marketization
绿         
        
        huàdòng, [化凍], to defrost
        
        huàtán, to transform phlegm (TCM)
        mínyínghuà, [民營化], privatization
        
        
        Shùnhuà, [順化], Hue, city in central Vietnam and capital of Thua Thien province
        
        yèhuàqì, [液化氣], liquid gas/bottled gas (fuel)
        
        huàxuéshì, [化學式], chemical formula (e.g. water HO)
        fúhuàqīng, [氟化氫], hydrofluoric acid
        
        
        
        tànhuàguī, silicon carbide/carborundum
        
        
        
        
        
        yǔhuà, levitation (of Daoist immortal)/to become as light as a feather and ascend to he...
        zuòhuà, to die in a seated posture (Buddhism)
        
        
西         
        shāngpǐnhuà, commodification
        
        guóyǒuhuà, [國有化], nationalization
        chǎnyèhuà, [產業化], to industrialize/industrialization
        wùhuàqì, [霧化器], nebulizer/spray/atomizer
        qīngyǎnghuàwù, [氫氧化物], hydroxide
        xíngshìhuà, formalization/formalized
        
        yǎnghuàgǒng, mercuric oxide (HgO)
        zhèngchánghuà, normalization (of diplomatic relations etc)
        
        liànhuà, [煉化], to refine/refining (e.g. oil, chemicals etc)
        
        jiāohuà, to distill
        
        
        
        huàxuégōngyè, [化學工業], chemical industry, abbr. to 化工[huà gōng]
        
        
        
        
        huàhéjià, [化合價], valence (chemistry)
        
        
        
        
        
        wùlǐhuàxué, [物理化學], physical chemistry
        
        dànyǎnghuàwù, nitrogen oxide
        
        
        
        
        shāmòhuà, desertification
        lǐhuà, physical and chemical
        
        fūhuàqī, incubation period/time for sth to develop
        wénhuàshǐ, cultural history
        
        rìhuà, household chemicals (cleaning products etc) and toiletries/abbr. for 日用化學製品|日用化学...
        
        lǔhuàwù, [鹵化物], halide (i.e. fluoride, chloride, bromide etc)
        huàwǔ, chemical weapon/abbr. for 化學武器|化学武器[huà xué wǔ qì]
        
        
        

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