HSK东西 Scripts Advanced Search Radicals [collapse definitions]
[文化層] wénhuàcéng culture level (in archaeological site)

Character Composition

Character Compounds

Word Compounds


        wénjiàn, document/file/CL:份[fèn]
        wénzhāng, article/essay/literary works/writings/hidden meaning/CL:篇[piān],段[duàn],頁|页[yè]
        Wén/wén, surname Wen, language/culture/writing/formal/literary/gentle/(old) classifier fo...
        wénhuà, culture/civilization/cultural/CL:個|个[gè],種|种[zhǒng]
        Kǎiwén, [凱文], Kevin (person name)
        lùnwén, [論文], paper/treatise/thesis/CL:篇[piān]/to discuss a paper or thesis (old)
        wénmíng, civilized/civilization/culture/CL:個|个[gè]
        wénzì, character/script/writing/written language/writing style/phraseology/CL:個|个[gè]
        Āiwén, Evan/Avon/Ivan
        Yīngwén, English (language)
        wénxué, [文學], literature/CL:種|种[zhǒng]
        Ōuwén, [歐文], Owen (name)/Erwin (name)/Irvine, California
        wénshū, [文書], document/official correspondence/secretary/secretariat
        gōngwénbāo, briefcase/attaché case
        
        Zhōngwén, Chinese language
        shēnwúfēnwén, [身無分文], penniless (idiom)
        
        
        wéndàng, [文檔], (computer) file
        Shǐdìwén, Steven, Stephen (name)
        wénwù, cultural relic/historical relic/CL:件[jiàn],個|个[gè]
        Lādīngwén, Latin (language)
        
        wénjiànjiā, [文件夾], folder/file (paper)
        wénpíng, [文憑], diploma
        
        
        
        
        tiānwénguǎn, [天文館], planetarium
        
        wénmáng, illiterate
        wényǎ, elegant/refined
        zuòwén, to write an essay/composition (student essay)/CL:篇[piān]
        Dáěrwén, [達爾文], Charles Darwin (1809-1882), British biologist and author of "On the Origin of Sp...
        Wényìfùxīng, [文藝復興], the Renaissance
        Déwén, German (language)
        yuánwén, original text
        sīwén, refined/educate/cultured/intellectual/polite/gentle
        gōngwén, document
        wénběn, version/text
        wénxiàn, [文獻], document
        
        wénzhí, [文職], civilian post (as opposed to military)/civil service/administration
        tiānwénxuéjiā, [天文學家], astronomer
        
        tiānwénxué, [天文學], astronomy
        Sīdìwén, Steven (name)/Simon Stevin (1548-1620), Flemish engineer and mathematician, play...
        sǎnwén, prose/essay
        
        jīngwén, [經文], scripture/scriptures/CL:本[běn]
        tiáowén, [條文], clause/explanatory section in a document
        xiàngxíngwénzì, pictogram/hieroglyph
        tiānwéntái, observatory
        tiānwén, astronomy
        
        
        wénàn, (newspapers etc) copy/copywriter/(office etc) paperwork/(old) secretary/clerk
        wénsī, the train of thought in writing
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        fēnwén, a single penny/a single cent
        wénfǎ, grammar
        Shǐdìwénsī, Stephens/Stevens
        yīwénbùmíng, to be penniless
        Rìwén, Japanese (language)
        Kǎěrwén, [卡爾文], Calvin (name)
        Fǎwén, French language
        wényì, [文藝], literature and art
        wénzhāi, digest (of literature)/to make a digest (of data)/summary
        fánwénrùjié, [繁文縟節], convoluted and overelaborate (document)/unnecessarily elaborate writing/mumbo-ju...
        wénbǐ, [文筆], writings/writing style
        yǔwén, [語文], literature and language/(PRC) Chinese (as a school subject)
        
        
        
        
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        chéngwén, written/statutory
        
        
        
        Āiwénsī, Evans/Ivins/Ivens
        
        wénjù, stationery/item of stationery (pen, pencil, eraser, pencil sharpener etc)
        
        wénjìng, [文靜], (of a person's manner or character) gentle and quiet
        Éwén, Russian language
        
        
        bówén, blog article/to write a blog article (netspeak)
        wēnwéněryǎ, [溫文爾雅], cultured and refined (idiom); gentle and cultivated
        
        shàngxiàwén, (textual) context
        Ōuwénsī, [歐文斯], Owens (name)
        
        
        
        
        jīnwén, inscription in bronze/bell-cauldron inscription
        dǎowén, [禱文], litany (text of a prayer)
        
        bēiwén, inscription on a tablet
        mángwén, braille/literature in braille
        Kāiěrwén, [開爾文], Lord Kelvin 1824-1907, British physicist (William Thomson)/Kelvin (temperature s...
        
        
        zuòwénzhāng, to make an issue of sth/to fuss/to make a song and dance
        rénwén, humanities/human affairs/culture
        
稿         wéngǎo, manuscript/article (in newspaper)/draft
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        shàngwén, preceding part of the text
        
        míngwén, [銘文], inscription
        Sīdìwénsēn, Stevenson or Stephenson (name)
        wénxuéjiā, [文學家], writer/man of letters/CL:個|个[gè]
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        Kǎowénchuí, Coventry city in West Midlands 西米德蘭茲|西米德兰兹[Xī mǐ dé lán zī], UK
        míngwénguīdìng, [明文規定], expressly stipulated (in writing)
        pīwén, official written ruling in response to a submission/official approval in writing
        
        
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        gǔwén, old language/the Classics/Classical Chinese as a literary model, esp. in Tang an...
        
        shīwén, [詩文], poetry and literature
        wénháo, literary giant/great writer/eminent writer
        
        wénkē, liberal arts/humanities
        Wénlái, [文萊], Brunei Darussalam, independent sultanate in northwest Borneo
        Ālābówén, Arabic (language & writing)
        
        wénrén, scholar/literati
        
        Tàiwén, Thai (language)
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        Fànwén, Sanskrit
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        wénjí, collected works
        
        wàiwén, foreign language (written)
        
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        yìwén, [譯文], translated text
        
        
        
        quánwén, entire text/full text
        
        
        zīwén, official communication (between gov. offices of equal rank)/report delivered by ...
        
        yàwénhuà, [亞文化], subculture
        
        
        Sīluòwénníyà, [斯洛文尼亞], Slovenia
        
        zhèngwén, main text (as opposed to footnotes)/main body (of a book)
        wéncǎi, literary talent/literary grace/rich and bright colors
        
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        shuǐwén, hydrology
        Jiāěrwén, [加爾文], Calvin (1509-1564), French protestant reformer
        
        
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        Hánwén, [韓文], hangul, Korean phonetic alphabet/Korean written language
        shāwénzhǔyì, [沙文主義], chauvinism
        
        
        huíwén, palindrome
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        wényú, [文娛], cultural recreation/entertainment
        
        
        
        wénjùdiàn, stationery store
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        kèwén, [課文], text/CL:篇[piān]
        
        wénzhōuzhōu, [文縐縐], bookish/genteel/erudite
        
        
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        Hànwén, [漢文], Chinese written language/Chinese literature esp. as taught abroad
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        gǔdiǎnwénxué, [古典文學], classical literature
        
        yǐnwén, quotation/citation
        
        dàyǒuwénzhāng, some deeper meaning in this/more to it than meets the eye/there's sth behind all...
        
        
        bǐjiàowénxué, [比較文學], comparative literature
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        biǎomiànwénzhāng, superficial show/going through the motions
        
        míngwén, to state in writing (laws, rules etc)
        
        
        
        wénzhìbīnbīn, [文質彬彬], refined in manner/gentle
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        wéntán, [文壇], literary circles
        
        wéntǐ, [文體], genre of writing/literary form/style/literary recreation and sporting activities
        
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        jiǎgǔwén, oracle script/oracle bone inscriptions (an early form of Chinese script)
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        hóngtóuwénjiàn, [紅頭文件], red-letterhead document, an official document with the name of the issuing gover...
        
        
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        WénhuàDàgémìng, Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
        
        
        
        
        
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西·         Jiéxī·Ōuwénsī, [傑西·歐文斯], Jesse Owens (1913-1980), American athlete
        
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        wénmì, secretary
        sānwénzhì, sandwich (loanword)
        
        
        wénxuéshǐ, [文學史], history of literature
        wénkù, [文庫], collection of documents/library/book series/sequence of data, esp. genome
        
        
        
        
        
        
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        Lāwénkèláo, [拉文克勞], Ravenclaw (Harry Potter)
        
        
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        Xībóláiwén, [希伯萊文], Hebrew language
        wénfēng, [文風], writing style
        
        
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        wēnwén, [溫文], genteel
        
        
        
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        rénwénzhǔyì, [人文主義], humanism
        
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        Luówén, [羅文], Roman Tam (1949-), Canto-pop singer
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        fēnwénbùqǔ, to give for free
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        qiánhòuwén, [前後文], context/the surrounding words/same as 上下文
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        láiwén, [來文], received document/sent document
        
        
        
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        yùnwén, [韻文], verse
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        wénlǐ, arts and sciences
        
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        wénwǔ, civil and military
        
        wénjiào, culture and education
        
        
        Wénchāng, Wenchang City, Hainan
        
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        wénshì, literati/scholar
        
        
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        wénshǐ, literature and history
        Wénxiàn, [文縣], Wen county in Longnan 隴南|陇南[Lǒng nán], Gansu
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        guānyàngwénzhāng, [官樣文章], officialese/red tape
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        jìwén, funeral oration/eulogy/elegiac address
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        bāgǔwén, eight-part essay one had to master to pass the imperial exams in Ming and Qing d...
        
        
        
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        yīzhǐkōngwén, [一紙空文], a worthless piece of paper (idiom)
        
        
        
        
        
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        wénxuǎn, [文選], compilation/selected works
        
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        wénshēn, to tattoo
        wéncí, [文辭], language/words
        
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        báihuàwén, [白話文], writings in the vernacular
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        chéngwénfǎ, statute
        
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        SūnWén, [孫文], the original name of 孫中山|孙中山[Sūn Zhōng shān], Dr Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925), first ...
        
        
        
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        Lāwénnà, [拉文納], Ravenna on the Adriatic coast of Italy
        
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        wénhuàshǐ, cultural history
        
        
        
        xíngwén, writing style (formal)/to send an official written communication
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西         Xīwén, Spanish/Western language/foreign languages (in Qing times)
        
        Lièzhìwén, Richmond (place name or surname)
        
        
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        jìxùwén, [記敘文], narrative writing/written narration
        
        
        

        biànhuà, [變化], change/variation/to change/to vary/CL:個|个[gè]
        huā/huà, variant of 花[huā], to make into/to change into/-ization/to ... -ize/to transform...
        wénhuà, culture/civilization/cultural/CL:個|个[gè],種|种[zhǒng]
        huàxué, [化學], chemistry/chemical
        huàzhuāng, [化妝], to put on makeup
        èhuà, [惡化], to worsen
        jìnhuà, [進化], evolution/CL:個|个[gè]
        huàzhuāngpǐn, [化妝品], cosmetic/makeup product
        rónghuà, to melt/to thaw/to dissolve/to blend into/to combine/to fuse
        shēnghuà, biochemistry
        huàyàn, [化驗], chemical examination/to do a lab test
        huàliáo, [化療], chemotherapy
        xiāohuà, to digest/digestion/digestive
        jìnghuà, [淨化], to purify
        qíngxùhuà, [情緒化], emotional/sentimental
        huàshēn, incarnation/reincarnation/embodiment (of abstract idea)/personification
        huàhéwù, chemical compound
        huàmíng, to use an alias/assumed name/pseudonym
        huǒhuà, to cremate/to incinerate
        huàzhuāng, [化裝], (of actors) to make up/to disguise oneself
        yìnghuà, to harden/hardening/sclerosis/fig. to become rigid or inflexible in opinions/to ...
        yǎnghuà, to oxidize
        èryǎnghuàtàn, carbon dioxide CÓ
        zhuǎnhuà, [轉化], to change/to transform/isomerization (chemistry)
        guāngtiānhuàrì, the full light of day (idiom)/fig. peace and prosperity/in broad daylight
        huàxuéfǎnyìng, [化學反應], chemical reaction
退         tuìhuà, to degenerate/atrophy
        qiánghuà, [強化], to strengthen/to intensify
        cuīhuàjì, [催化劑], catalyst
        
        rónghuà, to melt (of ice, metals etc)
        yīyǎnghuàtàn, carbon monoxide CO
        fūhuà, breeding/to incubate/innovation (esp. in commerce and marketing)
        
        héfǎhuà, to legalize/to make legal/legalization
        huàxuépǐn, [化學品], chemicals
        lǎohuà, to age (of person or object)/becoming old
        měihuà, to make more beautiful/to decorate/embellishment
        huàjiě, to dissolve/to resolve (contradictions)/to dispel (doubts)/to iron out (difficul...
        jiǎnhuà, [簡化], to simplify
        
        báirèhuà, [白熱化], to turn white-hot/to intensify/to reach a climax
        huàshí, fossil
        
        huàxuéjiā, [化學家], chemist
        tónghuà, assimilation (cultural, digestive, phonemic etc)
        xiàndàihuà, [現代化], modernization/CL:個|个[gè]
        huàxuéwǔqì, [化學武器], chemical weapon
        fǔhuà, to rot/to decay/to become corrupt
        duōyànghuà, [多樣化], diversification/to diversify
        rónghuà, to melt/to dissolve (of sugar etc)
        ruǎnhuà, [軟化], to soften
        chūshǐhuà, (computing) to initialize/initialization
        jīxièhuà, [機械化], to mechanize
        shāngyèhuà, [商業化], to commercialize
        fēnhuà, to split apart/differentiation
        nǚxìnghuà, to feminize/feminization
        shíhuà, to petrify/petrochemical industry
        jiǎndānhuà, [簡單化], simplification/to simplify
        qīngyǎnghuànà, [氫氧化鈉], caustic soda/sodium hydroxide NaOH
        huàgōngchǎng, [化工廠], chemical factory
        
        gǎnhuà, corrective influence/to reform (a criminal)/redemption (of a sinner)/to influenc...
        quánqiúhuà, globalization
        jìnhuàlùn, [進化論], Darwin's theory of evolution
        
        huàgōng, chemical industry, abbr. of 化學工業|化学工业[huà xué gōng yè]/chemical engineering, abb...
        huàzuò, to change into/to turn into/to become
        shùzìhuà, [數字化], to digitalize/digital
        
        nánxìnghuà, to masculinize/masculinization
        yèhuà, to liquefy
        
        
        qìhuàqì, carburetor/vaporizer
        duōyuánhuà, diversification/pluralism/to diversify
        huàwéiwūyǒu, [化為烏有], to go up in smoke/to vanish
        
        huàfènchí, [化糞池], septic tank
        kāihuà, [開化], to become civilized/to be open-minded/(of ice) to thaw
        lǐxiǎnghuà, to idealize
        yōuhuà, [優化], optimization/to optimize/to make superior
        
        huàxiǎnwéiyí, [化險為夷], to turn peril into safety (idiom); to avert disaster
        zàohuà, good luck/Nature (as the mother of all things)
        hélǐhuà, to rationalize/to make compatible/to streamline/rationalization
        yǎnhuà, to evolve/evolution
        fēnghuà, [風化], decency/public morals/to weather (rocks)/wind erosion
        
        xiāohuàxìtǒng, [消化系統], digestive system/gastrointestinal tract
        biāozhǔnhuà, [標準化], standardization
        fùzáhuà, [複雜化], to complicate/to become complicated
        lǜhuàjiǎ, [氯化鉀], potassium chloride
        zìdònghuà, [自動化], automation
        huàzhuāngshì, [化妝室], dressing room/powder room/(Tw) toilets
        géshìhuà, to format
        fénhuà, to cremate
        gānyìnghuà, cirrhosis
        
        báihuàbìng, albinism
        huàféi, fertilizer
        dànhuà, to water down/to play down/to trivialize/to weaken/to become dull with time/to d...
        zuìdàhuà, to maximize
        xiāohuàdào, digestive tract
        chūshénrùhuà, to reach perfection (idiom); a superb artistic achievement
        
        dàzhònghuà, [大眾化], mass-oriented/to cater for the masses/popularized
        sīyǒuhuà, privatization/to privatize
        yǎnghuàjì, [氧化劑], oxidant/oxidizing agent
        lǜhuàwù, chloride
        xùnhuà, [馴化], to tame/to domesticate
        guójìhuà, [國際化], to internationalize/internationalization
        liànghuà, to quantize/quantization/quantitative
        huàyóuqì, carburetor
        
        chǒuhuà, [醜化], to defame/to libel/to defile/to smear/to vilify
        gèxìnghuà, [個性化], to personalize/to customize/customization
        wùhuà, to objectify/(literary) to die
        shuǐhuà, to hydrate
        
        lǜhuànà, [氯化鈉], sodium chloride NaCl/common salt
        shénhuà, to make divine/apotheosis
        huàxuéyuánsù, [化學元素], chemical element
        huàxuéxì, [化學系], department of chemistry
        fūhuàqì, incubator/apparatus for incubating eggs
        cuīhuà, catalysis/to catalyze (a reaction)
        gōngkāihuà, [公開化], to publicize/openness (of government, PRC equivalent of "glasnost")
        yǒujīhuàxué, [有機化學], organic chemistry
        zhèngzhìhuà, to politicize
        ruòhuà, weaken/make weaker
        jiānghuà, to become rigid
        
        gùhuà, to solidify/solidification (chemistry)
绿         lǜhuà, [綠化], to make green with plants/to reforest/(Internet slang) Islamization
        qìhuà, to boil/to vaporize
        kuòdàhuà, [擴大化], to extend the scope/to exaggerate
        qiányímòhuà, [潛移默化], imperceptible influence/to influence secretly
        liúhuàqīng, [硫化氫], hydrogen sulfide HS/sulfureted hydrogen
        huànóng, [化膿], to fester/to suppurate/to be infected
        qiānbiànwànhuà, [千變萬化], countless changes/constant permutation
        yàwénhuà, [亞文化], subculture
        dòngmàiyìnghuà, [動脈硬化], hardening of the arteries/arteriosclerosis
        huàxuéjiàn, [化學鍵], chemical bond
        cíhuà, to magnetize
        yǎnghuàlǚ, [氧化鋁], aluminum oxide
        gǎnhuàyuàn, reformatory/reform school
        
        jūnshìhuà, [軍事化], militarization
        
        féngxiōnghuàjí, misfortune turns to blessing (idiom); to turn an inauspicious start to good acco...
        gōngyèhuà, [工業化], to industrialize/industrialization
        
        
        
        
        liúhuà, vulcanization (curing rubber using sulfur and heat)
        biànhuàduōduān, [變化多端], changeable/changing/varied/full of changes
        gàihuà, [鈣化], to calcify/calcification
        èryǎnghuàguī, silicon dioxide (SiÓ)
        èryǎnghuàliú, sulfur dioxide SÓ
        guòyǎnghuàqīng, [過氧化氫], hydrogen peroxide HÓ
        
        gānghuàbōli, [鋼化玻璃], reinforced glass
        biānyuánhuà, [邊緣化], to marginalize/marginalization
        
        
        yītǐhuà, [一體化], integration/incorporation/unification
        
        huàhé, chemical combination
        zhíyèhuà, [職業化], professionalization
        jùtǐhuà, [具體化], to concretize
        
        shēnhuà, to deepen/to intensify
        huànhuà, to be transformed/to metamorphose/transformation/metamorphosis
        biànhuàmòcè, [變化莫測], unpredictable/changeable
        zhuānyèhuà, [專業化], specialization
        shèhuìhuà, [社會化], socialization/to socialize/to fit into society/to train sb for society
        qìhuà, [氣化], to vaporize/evaporation/carburetion/氣|气[qì] transformation in TCM (i.e. transfor...
        diǎnhuàjiǎ, [碘化鉀], potassium iodide
        yǎnghuàwù, oxide
        
        
        rǔhuà, to emulsify
        gǔhuà, to ossify/ossification
        shígǔbùhuà, to swallow ancient learning without digesting it (idiom)/to be pedantic without ...
        niánqīnghuà, [年輕化], to make more youthful/to promote younger staff
        
        diànqìhuà, [電氣化], electrification
        zhìdùhuà, systematization
        
        jíhuà, [極化], polarization
        diànhuàxué, [電化學], electrochemistry
        fūhuàchǎng, [孵化場], incubator/hatchery (for poultry etc)
        lǎolínghuà, [老齡化], aging (population)
        dúhuà, to poison/to infect
        
        WénhuàDàgémìng, Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
        jiàohuāzi, variant of 叫花子[jiào huā zi]
        xìhuà, [細化], to give a more granular level of detail/to elaborate/to refine/to become more di...
        
        guīfànhuà, [規範化], to standardize/standardization
        huàzhěngwéilíng, [化整為零], to break up the whole into pieces (idiom); dealing with things one by one/divide...
        
        
        
        huàxiān, [化纖], synthetic fiber
西         
        
        mínzhǔhuà, to convert to democracy/democratic transformation
        
        huàxuézhàn, [化學戰], chemical warfare
        
        
        
        
        
        yīyuánhuà, integration/integrated/unified
        huàxuénéng, [化學能], chemical energy
        gōngshìhuà, to formalize/formalism in art (esp. as proscribed in USSR and PRC)
        
        
        lǜhuàqīng, [氯化氫], hydrogen chloride HCl
        
        guòyǎnghuàwù, [過氧化物], peroxide
        
        
        
        tànhuàwù, carbide
        huóhuàshí, living fossil
        
        běntǔhuà, to localize/localization
        qínghuàjiǎ, [氰化鉀], potassium cyanide KCN
        qínghuànà, [氰化鈉], sodium cyanide NaCN
        gàiniànhuà, conceptualization
        réngéhuà, to personalize/anthropomorphism
        xiāohuàméi, digestive enzyme
        yìhuà, [異化], alienation (philosophy)/(of speech) dissimilation
        
        
        shìchǎnghuà, [市場化], marketization
绿         
        
        huàdòng, [化凍], to defrost
        
        huàtán, to transform phlegm (TCM)
        mínyínghuà, [民營化], privatization
        
        
        Shùnhuà, [順化], Hue, city in central Vietnam and capital of Thua Thien province
        
        yèhuàqì, [液化氣], liquid gas/bottled gas (fuel)
        
        huàxuéshì, [化學式], chemical formula (e.g. water HO)
        fúhuàqīng, [氟化氫], hydrofluoric acid
        
        
        
        tànhuàguī, silicon carbide/carborundum
        
        
        
        
        
        yǔhuà, levitation (of Daoist immortal)/to become as light as a feather and ascend to he...
        zuòhuà, to die in a seated posture (Buddhism)
        
        
西         
        shāngpǐnhuà, commodification
        
        guóyǒuhuà, [國有化], nationalization
        chǎnyèhuà, [產業化], to industrialize/industrialization
        wùhuàqì, [霧化器], nebulizer/spray/atomizer
        qīngyǎnghuàwù, [氫氧化物], hydroxide
        xíngshìhuà, formalization/formalized
        
        yǎnghuàgǒng, mercuric oxide (HgO)
        zhèngchánghuà, normalization (of diplomatic relations etc)
        
        liànhuà, [煉化], to refine/refining (e.g. oil, chemicals etc)
        
        jiāohuà, to distill
        
        
        
        huàxuégōngyè, [化學工業], chemical industry, abbr. to 化工[huà gōng]
        
        
        
        
        huàhéjià, [化合價], valence (chemistry)
        
        
        
        
        
        wùlǐhuàxué, [物理化學], physical chemistry
        
        dànyǎnghuàwù, nitrogen oxide
        
        
        
        
        shāmòhuà, desertification
        lǐhuà, physical and chemical
        
        fūhuàqī, incubation period/time for sth to develop
        wénhuàshǐ, cultural history
        
        rìhuà, household chemicals (cleaning products etc) and toiletries/abbr. for 日用化學製品|日用化学...
        
        lǔhuàwù, [鹵化物], halide (i.e. fluoride, chloride, bromide etc)
        huàwǔ, chemical weapon/abbr. for 化學武器|化学武器[huà xué wǔ qì]
        
        
        

        céng, [層], layer/stratum/laminated/floor (of a building)/storey/classifier for layers/repea...
        gāocéng, [高層], high level/high class
        céngcì, [層次], layer/level/gradation/arrangement of ideas/(a person's) standing
        céngmiàn, [層面], aspect/facet/level (political, psychological, spiritual etc)/(geology) bedding p...
        shàngcéng, [上層], upper layer
        lóucéng, [樓層], story/floor
        dǐcéng, [底層], ground or first floor/bottom (of a pile)/lowest rung (of society)
        dàqìcéng, [大氣層], atmosphere
        dǐngcéng, [頂層], top floor/the top of a building
        duàncéng, [斷層], fault (geology)/CL:道[dào],個|个[gè]/(fig.) gap/rupture (in the transmission of som...
        jiēcéng, [階層], hierarchy/stratum/social class
        
        yúncéng, [雲層], the clouds/cloud layer/cloud bank
        shuāngcéng, [雙層], double tier/double decker
        xiàcéng, [下層], underlayer/lower class/lower strata/substrate
        shēncéng, [深層], deep layer/deep/deep-seated/underlying
        gèngshàngyīcénglóu, [更上一層樓], to take it up a notch/to bring it up a level
        biǎocéng, [表層], surface layer
        céngcéng, [層層], layer upon layer
        
        pícéng, [皮層], cortex
        zhōngcéng, [中層], middle-ranking
        
        chòuyǎngcéng, [臭氧層], ozone layer
        jiācéng, [夾層], interval between two layers/double-layered/mezzanine
        wàicéng, [外層], outer layer/outer shell
        
        lǐngdǎocéng, [領導層], ruling class/leaders (of society)/oligarchy
        jīcéng, [基層], basic level/grassroots unit/basement layer
        yáncéng, [岩層]/[巖層], rock strata, variant of 岩層|岩层[yán céng]/rock strata
        céngchūbùqióng, [層出不窮], more and more emerge/innumerable succession/breeding like flies (idiom)
        dìcéng, [地層], stratum (geology)
        fēncéng, [分層], lamination/layering/stratification/delamination
        shuāngcéngchuáng, [雙層床], bunk beds
        túcéng, [塗層], protective layer/coating
        gōngxīnjiēcéng, [工薪階層], salaried class
        diànlícéng, [電離層], ionosphere
        tǔcéng, [土層], layer of soil/ground level
        
        céngjí, [層級], level/hierarchy
        shàngcéngjiànzhù, [上層建築], superstructure
        duìliúcéng, [對流層], troposphere/lower atmosphere
        
        céngdié, [層疊], layer upon layer/tiered
        
        
        
        céngliú, [層流], laminar flow
        
        céngzhuàng, [層狀], stratified/bedded (geology)
        
        
        
        céngluándiézhàng, [層巒疊嶂], range upon range of mountains (idiom)
        céngbào, [層報], to report to higher authorities through layers of hierarchy
        
        tóngwēncéng, [同溫層], stratosphere
        

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